Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. The major works published in Cuba during that time were of an abolitionist character. Notable writers of this genre include Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda and Cirilo Villaverde. Following the abolition of slavery in 1886, the focus of Cuban literature shifted. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by Jos? Mart?, who led the modernista movement in Latin American literature. Writers such as the poet Nicol?s Guill?n focused on literature as social protest. Others, including Dulce Mar?a Loynaz, Jos? Lezama Lima and Alejo Carpentier, dealt with more personal or universal issues. And a few more, such as Reinaldo Arenas and Guillermo Cabrera Infante, earned international recognition in the postrevolutionary era. Most recently, there has been a so-called Cuban "boom" among authors born during the 1950s and '60s. Many writers of this younger generation have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to perceived censorship by the Cuban authorities. Many of them fled abroad during the 1990s. Some well-known names include Da?na Chaviano (USA), Zo? Vald?s (France), Eliseo Alberto (Mexico), Pedro Juan Guti?rrez (Cuba), Leonardo Padura (Cuba), Antonio Rodr?guez Salvador (Cuba) and Abilio Est?vez (Spain). Cuban literature is one of the most prolific, relevant, and influential literatures in Latin America and in all of the Spanish-speaking world, with renowned writers like Jos? Mart?, Gertrudis G?mez de Avellaneda, Jos? Mar?a Heredia, Nicol?s Guill?n (the National Poet of Cuba), Jos? Lezama Lima, Alejo Carpentier (nominee for the Nobel Prize for Literature and previously the Premio Cervantes winner in 1977), Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Premio Cervantes, 1997), Virgilio Pi?era y Dulce Mar?a Loynaz (Premio Cervantes, 1992), among many others.
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