Have you ever put a marshmallow in the microwave? If you haven’t, here is video to watch.As the gases inside the marshmallow are heated by the microwave, their molecules move around more and more. The molecules start bumping into each other, and they push each other apart. When gases gain more energy, they need more space, causing the marshmallow to puff out. A French scientist named Jacques Charles described how gases change with temperature back in 1780s.He stated that if the mass and pressure are kept the same in a gas, then the volume of the gas changes directly with temperature. This property of gases is called Charles’ Law: V1/T1=V2/T2If gases expand as they are heated, it stands to reason that they would contract as they cool. Here is a video of an inflated balloon being placed in liquid nitrogen.What if you cool the gas so much that none of the particles moved around anymore? That would also mean the molecules could be infinitely close together, making the volume of the gas 0. This can’t actually happen, but scientists like to think theoretically. This temperature at which all molecular motion stops is called absolute zero.

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