Sound is a neat thing. It’s really just vibrations in the air, but with it you can hear music, speech, movements, actions, trains, planes, and cars. Sound is often measured by its frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second with a unit called a hertz.We describe sound as a wave; specifically, a compression wave. What that means is that sound travels as a force that gets transmitted through air molecules with an initial push. These pushed molecules bump into other air molecules and then bounce back, and they do this at a certain frequency, or rate. Sound travels a lot like the way movement travels through a slinky.The pressure of air due to sound waves in a pipe (like a flute) looks a lot like a sine wave. If you have a pipe with an open end and a blocked end, the blocked end (often called the node) of the pipe doesn’t let the air change pressure much. An unblocked pipe also has a node, located in its center. The distance between nodes determines the frequency of sound wave vibration, and the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. Let's learn how to make a PVC pipe instrument to see all of these concepts in action.

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