Yiddish language

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Yiddish language

Language

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Yiddish (ייִדיש yidish or אידיש idish, literally "Jewish") is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jews, and it is written in the Hebrew alphabet. Western Yiddish originated in their culture, which emerged in the 9th century in Central Europe. Many centuries later, Western Yiddish spread to Eastern Europe, where it expanded and evolved into Eastern Yiddish, which eventually spread to other continents. Western Yiddish arose around 1000 AD from Old High German most likely around either Speyer and Worms on the Rhine or Regensburg on the Danube. Before 1500, it separated from German. Western Yiddish developed by adding a Hebrew and Aramaic register and Romance words to various and more dominant Old High German dialects, and mixing them together.In the earliest surviving references dating from the 12th century, the language is called לשון־אַשכּנז (loshn-ashknez = "language of Ashkenaz") and טײַטש (taytsh, a variant of tiutsch, the contemporary name for Middle High German spoken in the region of origin). In common usage, the language is called מאַמע־לשון (mame-loshn, literally "mother tongue") that distinguishes it from Hebrew and Aramaic, which are collectively termed לשון־קודש (loshn-koydesh, "holy tongue"). The term "Yiddish" did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature until the 18th century. In the late 19th and into the 20th century the language was more commonly called "Jewish", especially in non-Jewish contexts, but now "Yiddish" is again the more common designation.Yiddish has six major dialects. Within practically extinct Western Yiddish are Southwestern (Swiss–Alsatian–Southern German), Midwestern (Central German), and Northwestern (Netherlandic–Northern German) dialects. Eastern Yiddish includes Southeastern (Ukrainian–Romanian), Mideastern (Polish–Galician–Eastern Hungarian), and Northeastern (Lithuanian–White Russian) dialects. Eastern Yiddish differs from Western mostly by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin. Now, Yiddish is written and spoken by multitude of, but not all, Orthodox Jews in many communities around the world. It is the first learned, home, school, and of many social settings, language among most Hasids. Yiddish is also the academic language of the study of the Talmud according to the tradition of the Lithuanian yeshivas.Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense to designate attributes of Ashkenazic Jewish culture (for example, Yiddish cooking and Yiddish music), though in such contexts the designation "Jewish" is also used.